Part 3 (1/2)

In this case, the mind rests on what exists, and employs a word to express what does not We speak of _a hole_ in the paper But we can for substances

Re is left, and then you may look in vain for the hole It is not there It never was In the sa, nobody, nonentity, vacuum, absence, space, blank, annihilation, and oblivion These are relative ters which are known to exist We , of an entity before we can think of nonentity

In a similar e ees of objects We speak of a race, of a flight, of a sitting or session, of a journey, of a ride, of a walk, of a residence, etc In all these cases, the s Take for example, a race Of that, we can conceive no idea separate froent or object which _ran_ the _race_ Without some other word to inform us we could not decide whether a _horse_ race, a _foot_ race, a boat race, the race of a mill, or some other race, was the object of reht of birds, the flight of Mahoht of intellect

We also give na place in the present tense ”The _reading_ of the report was deferred;” stea_ is a cri_ deserves the reprobation of all

The hints I have given will assist you in acquiring a knowledge of nouns as used to express ideas in vocal or written language This subject ht be pursued further with profit, if time would permit As the time allotted to this lecture is nearly exhausted, I forbear I shall hereafter have occasion to shohole phrase ent or object of a verb

Sonate certain objects, and distinguish the In this way they assume a distinctive character, and are usually denominated =proper nouns= They apply to persons, places and things; as, John S males of the human species, and as such is a _conates a particular boy from the rest

Proper nas The stable keeper and stageuish it fro, and the girl for her doll Any word, in fact,specifically used; as the shi+p Fair Trader, the brig Success, sloop Delight in Peace, the race horse Eclipse, Black Hawk, Round Nose, and Red Jacket

Proper names were formerly used in reference to certain traits of character or circued to _Abraha _an elevated father_, the latter, _the father of a iven because his nified _a supplanter_, because he was to obtain the birthright of his elder brother

A ridiculous rage obtained with our puritan fathers to express scripture sentiments in the na the records of the Plymouth and Massachusetts colonies

This practice has not wholly gone out of use in our day, for we hear of the names of Hope, Mercy, Patience, Comfort, Experience, Temperance, Faith, Deliverance, Return, and such like, applied usually to fe more in character probably,) and sometimes to males We have also the names of White, Black, Green, Red, Gray, Brown, Olive, Whitefield, Blackwood, Redfield, Woodhouse, Stonehouse, Waterhouse, Woodbridge, Sater, Lowater, Drinkwater, Spring, Brooks, Rivers, Pond, Lake, Fairweather, Merryweather, Weatherhead, Rice, Wheat, Straw, Greatrakes, Bird, Fowle, Croks, Eagle, Partridge, Wren, Goslings, Fox, Ca, Mudd, Clay, Sands, Hills, Valley, Field, Stone, Flint, Silver, Gould, and Diamond

Proper nouns eneral iuished theologian, born at Dunstane, Northumberland, an opposer of the doctrines of Thomas Aquinus He is a real _solomon_, jack tars, judases, antichrist, and so on

Nouns ender, and positive, or case There are _three_ persons, _two_ nuenders, and _two_ cases But the further consideration of these things will be deferred, which, together with pronouns, will form the subject of our next lecture

LECTURE V

ON NOUNS AND pronOUNS

Nouns in respect to persons--Nun plurals--Proper naurative language--Errors--Position or case-- Agents--Objects--Possessive case considered--A definitive word--pronouns--One kind--Originally nouns--Specifically applied

We resu, in relation to person, nuuage there is a speaker, person spoken to, and things spoken of Those who speak are the _first_ persons, those who hear the _second_, and those who are the subject of conversation the _third_

The first and second persons are generally used in reference to hu But we sometimes condesend to hold converse with animals and inanimate matter The bird trainer talks to his parrots, the coachman to his horses, the sailor to the winds, and the poet to his landscapes, towers, and wild iives a ”local habitation and a nae is put into the mouths of animals, particularly in fables By a still further license, places and things, flowers, trees, forests, brooks, lakes, mountains, towers, castles, stars, &c are e, in the first person, in addresses the most pathetic The propriety of such a use of words I will not stop to question, but siures should never be employed in the instruction of children As the s, we ination and soar thro the blissful or terrific scenes of fancy and fiction, and study a language before unknown But it would be an unrighteous demand upon others, to require them to understand us; and quite as unpardonable to brand thenorance because they do not

Most nouns are in the third person More things are talked about than talk themselves, or are talked to by others Hence there is little necessity for teaching children to specify except in the first or second person, which is very easily done

In English there are two _nuular is confined to one, the plural is extended to any indefinite number The Greeks, adopted a dual number which they used to express two objects united in pairs, or couples; as, a span of horses, a yoke of oxen, a brace of pistols, a pair of shoes We express the saular to represent the union of the two We also extend this use of words and employ what are called _nouns of multitude_; as, a people, an army, a host, a nation These and si to many co a diversity; as, ”the armies met,”

”the nations are at peace” _People_ ade on account of nuether and form _a_ numerous people”

The plural is not always to be understood as expressing an increase of nus, as the s_, _medicines_, _paints_ and _dye-woods_ We also speak of _hopes_, _fears_, _loves_, _anxieties_

Some nouns admit of no plural, in fact, or in use; as, chaos, universe, fitness, iular; as, scissors, tongs, vitals, ulars, but having no use for the been accustoether, so that in speaking of one whole, we say shears, and of apart, half of a shears