Part 16 (2/2)

All these models shown represent early work, and the enlarged engravings are made from photographs taken early in 1888. There is a great number of other models which were exhibited, but which are not brought out sharply in the engraving, Fig. 297. For example at M is a model of a motor comprising an armature with a hollow shaft wound with two or three coils for two or three-phase circuits; the armature was arranged to be stationary and the generating circuits were connected directly to the generator. Around the armature is arranged to rotate on its shaft a casting forming six closed circuits. On the outside this casting was turned smooth and the belt was placed on it for driving with any desired appliance. This also is a very early model.

On the left side of the table there are seen a large variety of models, N, O, P, etc., with fields of various shapes. Each of these models involves some distinct idea and they all represent gradual development chiefly interesting as showing Mr. Tesla's efforts to adapt his system to the existing high frequencies.

On the right side of the table, at S, T, are shown, on separate supports, larger and more perfected armatures of commercial motors, and in the s.p.a.ce around the table a variety of motors and generators supplying currents to them was exhibited.

The high frequency exhibit embraced Mr. Tesla's first original apparatus used in his investigations. There was exhibited a gla.s.s tube with one layer of silk-covered wire wound at the top and a copper ribbon on the inside. This was the first disruptive discharge coil constructed by him. At U is shown the disruptive discharge coil exhibited by him in his lecture before the American Inst.i.tute of Electrical Engineers, in May, 1891.[18] At V and W are shown some of the first high frequency transformers. A number of various fields and armatures of small models of high frequency apparatus as shown at X and Y, and others not visible in the picture, were exhibited. In the annexed s.p.a.ce the dynamo then used by Mr. Tesla at Columbia College was exhibited; also another form of high frequency dynamo used.

[18] See Part II, Chap. XXVI., page 145.

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 311.]

In this s.p.a.ce also was arranged a battery of Leyden jars and his large disruptive discharge coil which was used for exhibiting the light phenomena in the adjoining dark room. The coil was operated at only a small fraction of its capacity, as the necessary condensers and transformers could not be had and as Mr. Tesla's stay was limited to one week; notwithstanding, the phenomena were of a striking character. In the room were arranged two large plates placed at a distance of about eighteen feet from each other. Between them were placed two long tables with all sorts of phosph.o.r.escent bulbs and tubes; many of these were prepared with great care and marked legibly with the names which would s.h.i.+ne with phosph.o.r.escent glow. Among them were some with the names of Helmholtz, Faraday, Maxwell, Henry, Franklin, etc. Mr. Tesla had also not forgotten the greatest living poet of his own country, Zmaj Jovan; two or three were prepared with inscriptions, like ”Welcome, Electricians,” and produced a beautiful effect. Each represented some phase of this work and stood for some individual experiment of importance. Outside the room was the small battery seen in Fig. 311, for the exhibition of some of the impedance and other phenomena of interest. Thus, for instance, a thick copper bar bent in arched form was provided with clamps for the attachment of lamps, and a number of lamps were kept at incandescence on the bar; there was also a little motor shown on the table operated by the disruptive discharge.

As will be remembered by those who visited the Exposition, the Westinghouse Company made a line exhibit of the various commercial motors of the Tesla system, while the twelve generators in Machinery Hall were of the two-phase type constructed for distributing light and power. Mr. Tesla, also exhibited some models of his oscillators.

CHAPTER XLIII.

THE TESLA MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL OSCILLATORS.

On the evening of Friday, August 25, 1893, Mr. Tesla delivered a lecture on his mechanical and electrical oscillators, before the members of the Electrical Congress, in the hall adjoining the Agricultural Building, at the World's Fair, Chicago. Besides the apparatus in the room, he employed an air compressor, which was driven by an electric motor.

Mr. Tesla was introduced by Dr. Elisha Gray, and began by stating that the problem he had set out to solve was to construct, first, a mechanism which would produce oscillations of a perfectly constant period independent of the pressure of steam or air applied, within the widest limits, and also independent of frictional losses and load. Secondly, to produce electric currents of a perfectly constant period independently of the working conditions, and to produce these currents with mechanism which should be reliable and positive in its action without resorting to spark gaps and breaks. This he successfully accomplished in his apparatus, and with this apparatus, now, scientific men will be provided with the necessaries for carrying on investigations with alternating currents with great precision. These two inventions Mr. Tesla called, quite appropriately, a mechanical and an electrical oscillator, respectively.

The former is substantially constructed in the following way. There is a piston in a cylinder made to reciprocate automatically by proper dispositions of parts, similar to a reciprocating tool. Mr. Tesla pointed out that he had done a great deal of work in perfecting his apparatus so that it would work efficiently at such high frequency of reciprocation as he contemplated, but he did not dwell on the many difficulties encountered. He exhibited, however, the pieces of a steel arbor which had been actually torn apart while vibrating against a minute air cus.h.i.+on.

With the piston above referred to there is a.s.sociated in one of his models in an independent chamber an air spring, or dash pot, or else he obtains the spring within the chambers of the oscillator itself. To appreciate the beauty of this it is only necessary to say that in that disposition, as he showed it, no matter what the rigidity of the spring and no matter what the weight of the moving parts, in other words, no matter what the period of vibrations, the vibrations of the spring are always isochronous with the applied pressure. Owing to this, the results obtained with these vibrations are truly wonderful. Mr. Tesla provides for an air spring of tremendous rigidity, and he is enabled to vibrate big weights at an enormous rate, considering the inertia, owing to the recoil of the spring. Thus, for instance, in one of these experiments, he vibrates a weight of approximately 20 pounds at the rate of about 80 per second and with a stroke of about 7/8 inch, but by shortening the stroke the weight could be vibrated many hundred times, and has been, in other experiments.

To start the vibrations, a powerful blow is struck, but the adjustment can be so made that only a minute effort is required to start, and, even without any special provision it will start by merely turning on the pressure suddenly. The vibration being, of course, isochronous, any change of pressure merely produces a shortening or lengthening of the stroke. Mr. Tesla showed a number of very clear drawings, ill.u.s.trating the construction of the apparatus from which its working was plainly discernible. Special provisions are made so as to equalize the pressure within the dash pot and the outer atmosphere. For this purpose the inside chambers of the dash pot are arranged to communicate with the outer atmosphere so that no matter how the temperature of the enclosed air might vary, it still retains the same mean density as the outer atmosphere, and by this means a spring of constant rigidity is obtained. Now, of course, the pressure of the atmosphere may vary, and this would vary the rigidity of the spring, and consequently the period of vibration, and this feature const.i.tutes one of the great beauties of the apparatus; for, as Mr. Tesla pointed out, this mechanical system acts exactly like a string tightly stretched between two points, and with fixed nodes, so that slight changes of the tension do not in the least alter the period of oscillation.

The applications of such an apparatus are, of course, numerous and obvious. The first is, of course, to produce electric currents, and by a number of models and apparatus on the lecture platform, Mr. Tesla showed how this could be carried out in practice by combining an electric generator with his oscillator. He pointed out what conditions must be observed in order that the period of vibration of the electrical system might not disturb the mechanical oscillation in such a way as to alter the periodicity, but merely to shorten the stroke. He combines a condenser with a self-induction, and gives to the electrical system the same period as that at which the machine itself oscillates, so that both together then fall in step and electrical and mechanical resonance is obtained, and maintained absolutely unvaried.

Next he showed a model of a motor with delicate wheelwork, which was driven by these currents at a constant speed, no matter what the air pressure applied was, so that this motor could be employed as a clock. He also showed a clock so constructed that it could be attached to one of the oscillators, and would keep absolutely correct time. Another curious and interesting feature which Mr. Tesla pointed out was that, instead of controlling the motion of the reciprocating piston by means of a spring, so as to obtain isochronous vibration, he was actually able to control the mechanical motion by the natural vibration of the electro-magnetic system, and he said that the case was a very simple one, and was quite a.n.a.logous to that of a pendulum. Thus, supposing we had a pendulum of great weight, preferably, which would be maintained in vibration by force, periodically applied; now that force, no matter how it might vary, although it would oscillate the pendulum, would have no control over its period.

Mr. Tesla also described a very interesting phenomenon which he ill.u.s.trated by an experiment. By means of this new apparatus, he is able to produce an alternating current in which the E. M. F. of the impulses in one direction preponderates over that of those in the other, so that there is produced the effect of a direct current. In fact he expressed the hope that these currents would be capable of application in many instances, serving as direct currents. The principle involved in this preponderating E. M. F. he explains in this way: Suppose a conductor is moved into the magnetic field and then suddenly withdrawn. If the current is not r.e.t.a.r.ded, then the work performed will be a mere fractional one; but if the current is r.e.t.a.r.ded, then the magnetic field acts as a spring. Imagine that the motion of the conductor is arrested by the current generated, and that at the instant when it stops to move into the field, there is still the maximum current flowing in the conductor; then this current will, according to Lenz's law, drive the conductor out of the field again, and if the conductor has no resistance, then it would leave the field with the velocity it entered it. Now it is clear that if, instead of simply depending on the current to drive the conductor out of the field, the mechanically applied force is so timed that it helps the conductor to get out of the field, then it might leave the field with higher velocity than it entered it, and thus one impulse is made to preponderate in E. M. F. over the other.

With a current of this nature, Mr. Tesla energized magnets strongly, and performed many interesting experiments bearing out the fact that one of the current impulses preponderates. Among them was one in which he attached to his oscillator a ring magnet with a small air gap between the poles. This magnet was oscillated up and down 80 times a second. A copper disc, when inserted within the air gap of the ring magnet, was brought into rapid rotation. Mr. Tesla remarked that this experiment also seemed to demonstrate that the lines of flow of current through a metallic ma.s.s are disturbed by the presence of a magnet in a manner quite independently of the so-called Hall effect. He showed also a very interesting method of making a connection with the oscillating magnet. This was accomplished by attaching to the magnet small insulated steel rods, and connecting to these rods the ends of the energizing coil. As the magnet was vibrated, stationary nodes were produced in the steel rods, and at these points the terminals of a direct current source were attached. Mr. Tesla also pointed out that one of the uses of currents, such as those produced in his apparatus, would be to select any given one of a number of devices connected to the same circuit by picking out the vibration by resonance. There is indeed little doubt that with Mr. Tesla's devices, harmonic and synchronous telegraphy will receive a fresh impetus, and vast possibilities are again opened up.

Mr. Tesla was very much elated over his latest achievements, and said that he hoped that in the hands of practical, as well as scientific men, the devices described by him would yield important results. He laid special stress on the facility now afforded for investigating the effect of mechanical vibration in all directions, and also showed that he had observed a number of facts in connection with iron cores.

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 312.]

The engraving, Fig. 312, shows, in perspective, one of the forms of apparatus used by Mr. Tesla in his earlier investigations in this field of work, and its interior construction is made plain by the sectional view shown in Fig. 313. It will be noted that the piston P is fitted into the hollow of a cylinder C which is provided with channel ports O O, and I, extending all around the inside surface. In this particular apparatus there are two channels O O for the outlet of the working fluid and one, I_, for the inlet. The piston P is provided with two slots S S' at a carefully determined distance, one from the other. The tubes T T which are screwed into the holes drilled into the piston, establish communication between the slots S S' and chambers on each side of the piston, each of these chambers connecting with the slot which is remote from it. The piston P is screwed tightly on a shaft A which pa.s.ses through fitting boxes at the end of the cylinder C. The boxes project to a carefully determined distance into the hollow of the cylinder C, thus determining the length of the stroke.

Surrounding the whole is a jacket J. This jacket acts chiefly to diminish the sound produced by the oscillator and as a jacket when the oscillator is driven by steam, in which case a somewhat different arrangement of the magnets is employed. The apparatus here ill.u.s.trated was intended for demonstration purposes, air being used as most convenient for this purpose.

A magnetic frame M M is fastened so as to closely surround the oscillator and is provided with energizing coils which establish two strong magnetic fields on opposite sides. The magnetic frame is made up of thin sheet iron. In the intensely concentrated field thus produced, there are arranged two pairs of coils H H supported in metallic frames which are screwed on the shaft A of the piston and have additional bearings in the boxes B B on each side. The whole is mounted on a metallic base resting on two wooden blocks.

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 313.]

The operation of the device is as follows: The working fluid being admitted through an inlet pipe to the slot I and the piston being supposed to be in the position indicated, it is sufficient, though not necessary, to give a gentle tap on one of the shaft ends protruding from the boxes B. a.s.sume that the motion imparted be such as to move the piston to the left (when looking at the diagram) then the air rushes through the slot S' and tube T into the chamber to the left. The pressure now drives the piston towards the right and, owing to its inertia, it overshoots the position of equilibrium and allows the air to rush through the slot S and tube T into the chamber to the right, while the communication to the left hand chamber is cut off, the air of the latter chamber escaping through the outlet O on the left. On the return stroke a similar operation takes place on the right hand side. This oscillation is maintained continuously and the apparatus performs vibrations from a scarcely perceptible quiver amounting to no more than 1 of an inch, up to vibrations of a little over 3/8 of an inch, according to the air pressure and load. It is indeed interesting to see how an incandescent lamp is kept burning with the apparatus showing a scarcely perceptible quiver.

To perfect the mechanical part of the apparatus so that oscillations are maintained economically was one thing, and Mr. Tesla hinted in his lecture at the great difficulties he had first encountered to accomplish this. But to produce oscillations which would be of constant period was another task of no mean proportions. As already pointed out, Mr. Tesla obtains the constancy of period in three distinct ways. Thus, he provides properly calculated chambers, as in the case ill.u.s.trated, in the oscillator itself; or he a.s.sociates with the oscillator an air spring of constant resilience. But the most interesting of all, perhaps, is the maintenance of the constancy of oscillation by the reaction of the electromagnetic part of the combination. Mr. Tesla winds his coils, by preference, for high tension and a.s.sociates with them a condenser, making the natural period of the combination fairly approximating to the average period at which the piston would oscillate without any particular provision being made for the constancy of period under varying pressure and load. As the piston with the coils is perfectly free to move, it is extremely susceptible to the influence of the natural vibration set up in the circuits of the coils H H. The mechanical efficiency of the apparatus is very high owing to the fact that friction is reduced to a minimum and the weights which are moved are small; the output of the oscillator is therefore a very large one.

Theoretically considered, when the various advantages which Mr. Tesla holds out are examined, it is surprising, considering the simplicity of the arrangement, that nothing was done in this direction before. No doubt many inventors, at one time or other, have entertained the idea of generating currents by attaching a coil or a magnetic core to the piston of a steam engine, or generating currents by the vibrations of a tuning fork, or similar devices, but the disadvantages of such arrangements from an engineering standpoint must be obvious. Mr. Tesla, however, in the introductory remarks of his lecture, pointed out how by a series of conclusions he was driven to take up this new line of work by the necessity of producing currents of constant period and as a result of his endeavors to maintain electrical oscillation in the most simple and economical manner.

INDEX.

Alternate Current Electrostatic Apparatus 392 Alternating Current Generators for High Frequency 152, 374, 224 Alternating Motors and Transformers 7 American Inst.i.tute Electrical Engineers Lecture 145 Anthony, W. A., Tests of Tesla Motors 8 Apparatus for Producing High Vacua 276 Arc Lighting, Tesla Direct, System 451 Auxiliary Brush Regulation 438 Biography, Tesla 4 Brush, Anti-Sparking 432 Brush, Third, Regulation 438 Brush, Phenomena in High Vacuum 226 Carborundum b.u.t.ton for Tesla Lamps 140, 253 Commutator, Anti-Sparking 432 Combination of Synchronizing and Torque Motor 95 Condensers with Plates in Oil 418 Conversion with Disruptive Discharge 193, 204, 303 Current or Dynamic Electricity Phenomena 327 Direct Current Arc Lighting 451 Dischargers, Forms of 305 Disruptive Discharge Coil 207, 221 Disruptive Discharge Phenomena 212 Dynamos, Improved Direct Current 448 Early Phase Motors 477 Effects with High Frequency and High Potential Currents 119 Electrical Congress Lecture, Chicago. 486 Electric Resonance 340 Electric Discharges in Vacuum Tubes 396 Electrolytic Registering Meter 420 Eye, Observations on the 294 Flames, Electrostatic, Non-Consuming 166, 272 Forbes Unipolar Generator 468, 474 Franklin Inst.i.tute Lecture 294 Generators, Pyromagnetic 429 High Potential, High Frequency: Brush Phenomena in High Vacuum 226 Carborundum b.u.t.tons 140, 253 Disruptive Discharge Phenomena 212 Flames, Electrostatic, Non-Consuming 166, 272 Impedance, Novel Phenomena 194, 338 Lighting Lamps Through Body 359 Luminous Effects with Gases 368 ”Ma.s.sage” with Currents 394 Motor with Single Wire 234, 330 ”No Wire” Motors 235 Oil Insulation of Induction Coils 173, 221 Ozone, Production of 171 Phosph.o.r.escence 367 Physiological Effects 162, 394 Resonance 340 Spinning Filament 168 Streaming Discharges of High Tension Coil 155, 163 Telegraphy without Wires 346 Impedance, Novel Phenomena 194, 338 Improvements in Unipolar Generators 465 Improved Direct Current Dynamos and Motors 448 Induction Motors 92 Inst.i.tution Electrical Engineers Lecture 198 Lamps and Motor operated on a Single Wire 330 Lamps with Single Straight Fiber 183 Lamps containing only a Gas 188 Lamps with Refractory b.u.t.ton 177, 239, 360 Lamps for Simple Phosph.o.r.escence 187, 282, 364 Lecture, Tesla before: American Inst.i.tute Electrical Engineers 145 Royal Inst.i.tution 124 Inst.i.tution Electrical Engineers 198 Franklin Inst.i.tute and National Electric Light a.s.sociation 294 Electrical Congress, Chicago 486 Lighting Lamps Through the Body 359 Light Phenomena with High Frequencies 349 Luminous Effects with Gases at Low-Pressure 368 ”Magnetic Lag” Motor 67 ”Ma.s.sage” with Currents of High Frequency 394 Mechanical and Electrical Oscillators 486 Method of obtaining Direct from Alternating currents 409 Method of obtaining Difference of Phase by Magnetic s.h.i.+elding 71 Motors: With Circuits of Different Resistance 79 With Closed Conductors 9 Combination of Synchronizing and Torque 95 With Condenser in Armature Circuit 101 With Condenser in one of the Field Circuits 106 With Coinciding Maxima of Magnetic Effect in Armature and Field 83 With ”Current Lag” Artificially Secured 58 Early Phase 477 With Equal Magnetic Energies in Field and Armature 81 Or Generator, obtaining Desired Speed of 36 Improved Direct Current 448 Induction 92 ”Magnetic Lag” 67 ”No Wire” 235 With Phase Difference in Magnetization of Inner and Outer Parts of Core 88 Regulator for Rotary Current 45 Single Circuit, Self-starting Synchronizing 50 Single Phase 76 With Single Wire to Generator 234, 330 Synchronizing 9 Thermo-Magnetic 424 Utilizing Continuous Current Generators 31 National Electric Light a.s.sociation Lecture 294 ”No Wire” Motor 235 Observations on the Eye 294 Oil, Condensers with Plates in 418 Oil Insulation of Induction Coils 173, 221 Oscillators, Mechanical and Electrical 486 Ozone, Production of 171 Phenomena Produced by Electrostatic Force 318 Phosph.o.r.escence and Sulphide of Zinc 367 Physiological Effects of High Frequency 162, 394 Polyphase Systems 26 Polyphase Transformer 109 Pyromagnetic Generators 429 Regulator for Rotary Current Motors 45 Resonance, Electric, Phenomena of 340 ”Resultant Attraction” 7 Rotating Field Transformers 9 Rotating Magnetic Field 9 Royal Inst.i.tution Lecture 124 Scope of Lectures 119 Single Phase Motor 76 Single Circuit, Self-Starting Synchronizing Motors 50 Spinning Filament Effects 168 Streaming Discharges of High Tension Coil 155, 163 Synchronizing Motors 9 Telegraphy without Wires 246 Transformer with s.h.i.+eld between Primary and Secondary 113 Thermo-Magnetic Motors 424 Thomson, J. J., on Vacuum Tubes 397, 402, 406 Thomson, Sir W., Current Acc.u.mulator 471 Transformers: Alternating 7 Magnetic s.h.i.+eld 113 Polyphase 109 Rotating Field 9 Tubes: Coated with Yttria, etc. 187 Coated with Sulphide of Zinc, etc. 290, 367 Unipolar Generators 465 Unipolar Generator, Forbes 468, 474 Yttria, Coated Tubes 187 Zinc, Tubes Coated with Sulphide of 367.

<script>