Part I (Prima Pars) Part 81 (2/2)
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THIRD ARTICLE [I, Q. 51, Art. 3]
Whether the Angels Exercise Functions of Life in the Bodies a.s.sumed?
Objection 1: It would seem that the angels exercise functions of life in a.s.sumed bodies. For pretence is unbecoming in angels of truth. But it would be pretence if the body a.s.sumed by them, which seems to live and to exercise vital functions, did not possess these functions.
Therefore the angels exercise functions of life in the a.s.sumed body.
Obj. 2: Further, in the works of the angels there is nothing without a purpose. But eyes, nostrils, and the other instruments of the senses, would be fas.h.i.+oned without a purpose in the body a.s.sumed by the angel, if he perceived nothing by their means. Consequently, the angel perceives by the a.s.sumed body; and this is the most special function of life.
Obj. 3: Further, to move hither and thither is one of the functions of life, as the Philosopher says (De Anima ii). But the angels are manifestly seen to move in their a.s.sumed bodies. For it was said (Gen. 18:16) that ”Abraham walked with” the angels, who had appeared to him, ”bringing them on the way”; and when Tobias said to the angel (Tob. 5:7, 8): ”Knowest thou the way that leadeth to the city of Medes?” he answered: ”I know it; and I have often walked through all the ways thereof.” Therefore the angels often exercise functions of life in a.s.sumed bodies.
Obj. 4: Further, speech is the function of a living subject, for it is produced by the voice, while the voice itself is a sound conveyed from the mouth. But it is evident from many pa.s.sages of Sacred Scripture that angels spoke in a.s.sumed bodies. Therefore in their a.s.sumed bodies they exercise functions of life.
Obj. 5: Further, eating is a purely animal function. Hence the Lord after His Resurrection ate with His disciples in proof of having resumed life (Luke 24). Now when angels appeared in their a.s.sumed bodies they ate, and Abraham offered them food, after having previously adored them as G.o.d (Gen. 18). Therefore the angels exercise functions of life in a.s.sumed bodies.
Obj. 6: Further, to beget offspring is a vital act. But this has befallen the angels in their a.s.sumed bodies; for it is related: ”After the sons of G.o.d went in to the daughters of men, and they brought forth children, these are the mighty men of old, men of renown” (Gen. 6:4). Consequently the angels exercised vital functions in their a.s.sumed bodies.
_On the contrary,_ The bodies a.s.sumed by angels have no life, as was stated in the previous article (ad 3). Therefore they cannot exercise functions of life through a.s.sumed bodies.
_I answer that,_ Some functions of living subjects have something in common with other operations; just as speech, which is the function of a living creature, agrees with other sounds of inanimate things, in so far as it is sound; and walking agrees with other movements, in so far as it is movement. Consequently vital functions can be performed in a.s.sumed bodies by the angels, as to that which is common in such operations; but not as to that which is special to living subjects; because, according to the Philosopher (De Somn. et Vig. i), ”that which has the faculty has the action.” Hence nothing can have a function of life except what has life, which is the potential principle of such action.
Reply Obj. 1: As it is in no wise contrary to truth for intelligible things to be set forth in Scripture under sensible figures, since it is not said for the purpose of maintaining that intelligible things are sensible, but in order that properties of intelligible things may be understood according to similitude through sensible figures; so it is not contrary to the truth of the holy angels that through their a.s.sumed bodies they appear to be living men, although they are really not. For the bodies are a.s.sumed merely for this purpose, that the spiritual properties and works of the angels may be manifested by the properties of man and of his works. This could not so fittingly be done if they were to a.s.sume true men; because the properties of such men would lead us to men, and not to angels.
Reply Obj. 2: Sensation is entirely a vital function. Consequently it can in no way be said that the angels perceive through the organs of their a.s.sumed bodies. Yet such bodies are not fas.h.i.+oned in vain; for they are not fas.h.i.+oned for the purpose of sensation through them, but to this end, that by such bodily organs the spiritual powers of the angels may be made manifest; just as by the eye the power of the angel's knowledge is pointed out, and other powers by the other members, as Dionysius teaches (Coel. Hier.).
Reply Obj. 3: Movement coming from a united mover is a proper function of life; but the bodies a.s.sumed by the angels are not thus moved, since the angels are not their forms. Yet the angels are moved accidentally, when such bodies are moved, since they are in them as movers are in the moved; and they are here in such a way as not to be elsewhere, which cannot be said of G.o.d. Accordingly, although G.o.d is not moved when the things are moved in which He exists, since He is everywhere; yet the angels are moved accidentally according to the movement of the bodies a.s.sumed. But they are not moved according to the movement of the heavenly bodies, even though they be in them as the movers in the thing moved, because the heavenly bodies do not change place in their entirety; nor for the spirit which moves the world is there any fixed locality according to any restricted part of the world's substance, which now is in the east, and now in the west, but according to a fixed quarter; because ”the moving energy is always in the east,” as stated in Phys. viii, text 84.
Reply Obj. 4: Properly speaking, the angels do not talk through their a.s.sumed bodies; yet there is a semblance of speech, in so far as they fas.h.i.+on sounds in the air like to human voices.
Reply Obj. 5: Properly speaking, the angels cannot be said to eat, because eating involves the taking of food convertible into the substance of the eater.
Although after the Resurrection food was not converted into the substance of Christ's body, but resolved into pre-existing matter; nevertheless Christ had a body of such a true nature that food could be changed into it; hence it was a true eating. But the food taken by angels was neither changed into the a.s.sumed body, nor was the body of such a nature that food could be changed into it; consequently, it was not a true eating, but figurative of spiritual eating. This is what the angel said to Tobias: ”When I was with you, I seemed indeed to eat and to drink; but I use an invisible meat and drink” (Tob. 12:19).
Abraham offered them food, deeming them to be men, in whom, nevertheless, he wors.h.i.+pped G.o.d, as G.o.d is wont to be in the prophets, as Augustine says (De Civ. Dei xvi).
Reply Obj. 6: As Augustine says (De Civ. Dei xv): ”Many persons affirm that they have had the experience, or have heard from such as have experienced it, that the Satyrs and Fauns, whom the common folk call incubi, have often presented themselves before women, and have sought and procured intercourse with them. Hence it is folly to deny it. But G.o.d's holy angels could not fall in such fas.h.i.+on before the deluge. Hence by the sons of G.o.d are to be understood the sons of Seth, who were good; while by the daughters of men the Scripture designates those who sprang from the race of Cain. Nor is it to be wondered at that giants should be born of them; for they were not all giants, albeit there were many more before than after the deluge.”
Still if some are occasionally begotten from demons, it is not from the seed of such demons, nor from their a.s.sumed bodies, but from the seed of men taken for the purpose; as when the demon a.s.sumes first the form of a woman, and afterwards of a man; just as they take the seed of other things for other generating purposes, as Augustine says (De Trin. iii), so that the person born is not the child of a demon, but of a man.
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QUESTION 52
OF THE ANGELS IN RELATION TO PLACE (In Three Articles)
We now inquire into the place of the angels. Touching this there are three subjects of inquiry:
(1) Is the angel in a place?
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