Part I (Prima Pars) Part 161 (2/2)
Now it is clear that the angels are called superior or inferior by comparison with this principle, G.o.d; and therefore enlightenment, which depends on the principle which is G.o.d, is conveyed only by the superior angels to the inferior. But as regards the will as the principle, he who wills is first and supreme; and therefore the manifestation of what belongs to the will, is conveyed to others by the one who wills. In that manner both the superior angels speak to the inferior, and the inferior speak to the superior.
From this clearly appear the replies to the first and second objections.
Reply Obj. 3: Every speech of G.o.d to the angels is an enlightening; because since the will of G.o.d is the rule of truth, it belongs to the perfection and enlightenment of the created mind to know even what G.o.d wills. But the same does not apply to the will of the angels, as was explained above.
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THIRD ARTICLE [I, Q. 107, Art. 3]
Whether an Angel Speaks to G.o.d?
Objection 1: It would seem that an angel does not speak to G.o.d. For speech makes known something to another. But an angel cannot make known anything to G.o.d, Who knows all things. Therefore an angel does not speak to G.o.d.
Obj. 2: Further, to speak is to order the mental concept in reference to another, as was shown above (A. 1). But an angel ever orders his mental concept to G.o.d. So if an angel speaks to G.o.d, he ever speaks to G.o.d; which in some ways appears to be unreasonable, since an angel sometimes speaks to another angel. Therefore it seems that an angel never speaks to G.o.d.
_On the contrary,_ It is written (Zech. 1:12): ”The angel of the Lord answered and said: O Lord of hosts, how long wilt Thou not have mercy on Jerusalem.” Therefore an angel speaks to G.o.d.
_I answer that,_ As was said above (AA. 1, 2), the angel speaks by ordering his mental concept to something else. Now one thing is ordered to another in a twofold manner. In one way for the purpose of giving one thing to another, as in natural things the agent is ordered to the patient, and in human speech the teacher is ordered to the learner; and in this sense an angel in no way speaks to G.o.d either of what concerns the truth, or of whatever depends on the created will; because G.o.d is the principle and source of all truth and of all will. In another way one thing is ordered to another to receive something, as in natural things the pa.s.sive is ordered to the agent, and in human speech the disciple to the master; and in this way an angel speaks to G.o.d, either by consulting the Divine will of what ought to be done, or by admiring the Divine excellence which he can never comprehend; thus Gregory says (Moral. ii) that ”the angels speak to G.o.d, when by contemplating what is above themselves they rise to emotions of admiration.”
Reply Obj. 1: Speech is not always for the purpose of making something known to another; but is sometimes finally ordered to the purpose of manifesting something to the speaker himself; as when the disciples ask instruction from the master.
Reply Obj. 2: The angels are ever speaking to G.o.d in the sense of praising and admiring Him and His works; but they speak to Him by consulting Him about what ought to be done whenever they have to perform any new work, concerning which they desire enlightenment.
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FOURTH ARTICLE [I, Q. 107, Art. 4]
Whether Local Distance Influences the Angelic Speech?
Objection 1: It would seem that local distance affects the angelic speech. For as Damascene says (De Fide Orth. i, 13): ”An angel works where he is.” But speech is an angelic operation. Therefore, as an angel is in a determinate place, it seems that an angel's speech is limited by the bounds of that place.
Obj. 2: Further, a speaker cries out on account of the distance of the hearer. But it is said of the Seraphim that ”they cried one to another” (Isa. 6:3). Therefore in the angelic speech local distance has some effect.
_On the contrary,_ It is said that the rich man in h.e.l.l spoke to Abraham, notwithstanding the local distance (Luke 16:24). Much less therefore does local distance impede the speech of one angel to another.
_I answer that,_ The angelic speech consists in an intellectual operation, as explained above (AA. 1, 2, 3). And the intellectual operation of an angel abstracts from the ”here and now.” For even our own intellectual operation takes place by abstraction from the ”here and now,” except accidentally on the part of the phantasms, which do not exist at all in an angel. But as regards whatever is abstracted from ”here and now,” neither difference of time nor local distance has any influence whatever. Hence in the angelic speech local distance is no impediment.
Reply Obj. 1: The angelic speech, as above explained (A. 1, ad 2), is interior; perceived, nevertheless, by another; and therefore it exists in the angel who speaks, and consequently where the angel is who speaks. But as local distance does not prevent one angel seeing another, so neither does it prevent an angel perceiving what is ordered to him on the part of another; and this is to perceive his speech.
Reply Obj. 2: The cry mentioned is not a bodily voice raised by reason of the local distance; but is taken to signify the magnitude of what is said, or the intensity of the affection, according to what Gregory says (Moral. ii): ”The less one desires, the less one cries out.”
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FIFTH ARTICLE [I, Q. 107, Art. 5]
Whether All the Angels Know What One Speaks to Another?
Objection 1: It would seem that all the angels know what one speaks to another. For unequal local distance is the reason why all men do not know what one man says to another. But in the angelic speech local distance has no effect, as above explained (A. 4). Therefore all the angels know what one speaks to another.
Obj. 2: Further, all the angels have the intellectual power in common. So if the mental concept of one ordered to another is known by one, it is for the same reason known by all.
Obj. 3: Further, enlightenment is a kind of speech. But the enlightenment of one angel by another extends to all the angels, because, as Dionysius says (Coel. Hier. xv): ”Each one of the heavenly beings communicates what he learns to the others.” Therefore the speech of one angel to another extends to all.
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