Part III (Secunda Secundae) Part 80 (2/2)
Obj. 2: Further, the changes of age are according to nature. Now prudence results from age, according to Job 12:12: ”In the ancient is wisdom, and in length of days prudence.” Therefore prudence is natural.
Obj. 3: Further, prudence is more consistent with human nature than with that of dumb animals. Now there are instances of a certain natural prudence in dumb animals, according to the Philosopher (De Hist. Anim. viii, 1). Therefore prudence is natural.
_On the contrary,_ The Philosopher says (Ethic. ii, 1) that ”intellectual virtue is both originated and fostered by teaching; it therefore demands experience and time.” Now prudence is an intellectual virtue, as stated above (A. 4). Therefore prudence is in us, not by nature, but by teaching and experience.
_I answer that,_ As shown above (A. 3), prudence includes knowledge both of universals, and of the singular matters of action to which prudence applies the universal principles. Accordingly, as regards the knowledge of universals, the same is to be said of prudence as of speculative science, because the primary universal principles of either are known naturally, as shown above (A. 6): except that the common principles of prudence are more connatural to man; for as the Philosopher remarks (Ethic. x, 7) ”the life which is according to the speculative reason is better than that which is according to man”: whereas the secondary universal principles, whether of the speculative or of the practical reason, are not inherited from nature, but are acquired by discovery through experience, or through teaching.
On the other hand, as regards the knowledge of particulars which are the matter of action, we must make a further distinction, because this matter of action is either an end or the means to an end. Now the right ends of human life are fixed; wherefore there can be a natural inclination in respect of these ends; thus it has been stated above (I-II, Q. 51, A. 1; Q. 63, A. 1) that some, from a natural inclination, have certain virtues whereby they are inclined to right ends; and consequently they also have naturally a right judgment about such like ends.
But the means to the end, in human concerns, far from being fixed, are of manifold variety according to the variety of persons and affairs. Wherefore since the inclination of nature is ever to something fixed, the knowledge of those means cannot be in man naturally, although, by reason of his natural disposition, one man has a greater apt.i.tude than another in discerning them, just as it happens with regard to the conclusions of speculative sciences. Since then prudence is not about the ends, but about the means, as stated above (A. 6; I-II, Q. 57, A. 5), it follows that prudence is not from nature.
Reply Obj. 1: The Philosopher is speaking there of things relating to prudence, in so far as they are directed to ends. Wherefore he had said before (Ethic. vi, 5, 11) that ”they are the principles of the _ou heneka_” [*Literally, 'for the sake of which' (are the means)], namely, the end; and so he does not mention _euboulia_ among them, because it takes counsel about the means.
Reply Obj. 2: Prudence is rather in the old, not only because their natural disposition calms the movement of the sensitive pa.s.sions, but also because of their long experience.
Reply Obj. 3: Even in dumb animals there are fixed ways of obtaining an end, wherefore we observe that all the animals of a same species act in like manner. But this is impossible in man, on account of his reason, which takes cognizance of universals, and consequently extends to an infinity of singulars.
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SIXTEENTH ARTICLE [II-II, Q. 47, Art. 16]
Whether Prudence Can Be Lost Through Forgetfulness?
Objection 1: It would seem that prudence can be lost through forgetfulness. For since science is about necessary things, it is more certain than prudence which is about contingent matters of action. But science is lost by forgetfulness. Much more therefore is prudence.
Obj. 2: Further, as the Philosopher says (Ethic. ii, 3) ”the same things, but by a contrary process, engender and corrupt virtue.” Now the engendering of prudence requires experience which is made up ”of many memories,” as he states at the beginning of his _Metaphysics_ (i, 1). Therefore since forgetfulness is contrary to memory, it seems that prudence can be lost through forgetfulness.
Obj. 3: Further, there is no prudence without knowledge of universals. But knowledge of universals can be lost through forgetfulness. Therefore prudence can also.
_On the contrary,_ The Philosopher says (Ethic. vi, 5) that ”forgetfulness is possible to art but not to prudence.”
_I answer that,_ Forgetfulness regards knowledge only, wherefore one can forget art and science, so as to lose them altogether, because they belong to the reason. But prudence consists not in knowledge alone, but also in an act of the appet.i.te, because as stated above (A. 8), its princ.i.p.al act is one of command, whereby a man applies the knowledge he has, to the purpose of appet.i.tion and operation.
Hence prudence is not taken away directly by forgetfulness, but rather is corrupted by the pa.s.sions. For the Philosopher says (Ethic.
vi, 5) that ”pleasure and sorrow pervert the estimate of prudence”: wherefore it is written (Dan. 13:56): ”Beauty hath deceived thee, and l.u.s.t hath subverted thy heart,” and (Ex. 23:8): ”Neither shalt thou take bribes which blind even the prudent [Douay: 'wise'].”
Nevertheless forgetfulness may hinder prudence, in so far as the latter's command depends on knowledge which may be forgotten.
Reply Obj. 1: Science is in the reason only: hence the comparison fails, as stated above [*Cf. I-II, Q. 53, A. 1].
Reply Obj. 2: The experience required by prudence results not from memory alone, but also from the practice of commanding aright.
Reply Obj. 3: Prudence consists chiefly, not in the knowledge of universals, but in applying them to action, as stated above (A. 3).
Wherefore forgetting the knowledge of universals does not destroy the princ.i.p.al part of prudence, but hinders it somewhat, as stated above.
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QUESTION 48
OF THE PARTS OF PRUDENCE (In One Article)
We must now consider the parts of prudence, under which head there are four points of inquiry:
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