Part 35 (1/2)
But no; theology has killed religion. The clergy repeat to satiety that we must not confound the two; but what good does this do if in practice we do not distinguish them?
Never was learning more eagerly coveted than in the thirteenth century.
The Empire and the Church were anxiously asking of it the arguments with which they might defend their opposing claims. Innocent III. sends the collection of his Decretals to the University of Bologna and heaps favors upon it. Frederick II. founds that of Naples, and the Patarini themselves send their sons from Tuscany and Lombardy to study at Paris.
We remember the success of Francis's preaching at Bologna,[13] in August, 1220; at the same period he had strongly reprimanded Pietro Staccia, the provincial minister and a doctor of laws, not only for having installed the Brothers in a house which appeared to belong to them, but especially for having organized a sort of college there.
It appears that the minister paid no attention to these reproaches. When Francis became aware of his obstinacy he cursed him with frightful vehemence; his indignation was so great that when, later on, Pietro Staccia was about to die and his numerous friends came to entreat Francis to revoke his malediction, all their efforts were in vain.[14]
In the face of this att.i.tude of the founder it is very difficult to believe in the authenticity of the note purporting to be addressed to Anthony of Padua:
”To my very dear Anthony, brother Francis, greetings in Christ.
”It pleases me that you interpret to the Brothers the sacred writings and theology, in such a way, however (conformably to our Rule), that the spirit of holy prayer be not extinguished either in you or in the others, which I desire earnestly.
Greetings.”
Must we see in this a pious fraud to weaken the numberless clear declarations of Francis against learning?
It is difficult to picture to ourselves the rivalry which existed at this time between the Dominicans and Franciscans in the attempt to draw the most ill.u.s.trious masters into their respective Orders. Petty intrigues were organized, in which the devotees had each his part, to lead such or such a famous doctor to a.s.sume the habit.[15] If the object of St. Francis had been scientific, the friars of Bologna, Paris, and Oxford could not have done more.[16]
The current was so strong that the elder Orders were swept away in it whether they would or no; twenty years later the Cistercians also desired to become legists, theologians, decretalists, and the rest.
Perhaps Francis did not in the outset perceive the gravity of the danger, but illusion was no longer possible, and from this time he showed, as we have seen, an implacable firmness. If later on his thought was travestied, the guilty ones--the popes and most of the ministers-general--were obliged to resort to feats of prestidigitation that are not to their credit. ”Suppose,” he would say, ”that you had subtility and learning enough to know all things, that you were acquainted with all languages, the courses of the stars, and all the rest, what is there in that to be proud of? A single demon knows more on these subjects than all the men in this world put together.[17] But there is one thing that the demon is incapable of, and which is the glory of man: to be faithful to G.o.d.”[18]
Definite information with regard to the chapters of 1222 and 1223 is wanting. The proposed modifications of the project of 1221 were discussed by the ministers[19] and afterward definitively settled by Cardinal Ugolini. The latter had long conferences on the subject with Francis, who has himself given us the account of them.[20]
The result of them all was the Rule of 1223. Very soon a swarm of marvellous stories, which it would be tedious to examine in detail, came to be cl.u.s.tered around the origin of this doc.u.ment; all that we need to retain of them is the memory that they keep of the struggles of Francis against the ministers for the preservation of his ideal.
Before going to Rome to ask for the final approbation he had meditated long in the solitude of Monte Colombo, near Rieti. This hill was soon represented as a new Sinai, and the disciples pictured their master on its heights receiving another Decalogue from the hands of Jesus himself.[21]
Angelo Clareno, one of the most complacent narrators of these traditions, takes upon himself to point out their slight value; he shows us Honorious III. modifying an essential pa.s.sage in the plan at the last moment.[22] I have already so far described this Rule that there is no need to return to the subject here.
It was approved November 25, 1223.[23] Many memories appear to have cl.u.s.tered about the journey of Francis to Rome. One day Cardinal Ugolini, whose hospitality he had accepted, was much surprised, and his guests as well, to find him absent as they were about to sit down at table, but they soon saw him coming, carrying a quant.i.ty of pieces of dry bread, which he joyfully distributed to all the n.o.ble company. His host, somewhat abashed by the proceeding, having undertaken after the meal to reproach him a little, Francis explained that he had no right to forget, for a sumptuous feast, the bread of charity on which he was fed every day, and that he desired thus to show his brethren that the richest table is not worth so much to the poor in spirit as this table of the Lord.[24]
We have seen that during the earlier years the Brothers Minor had been in the habit of earning their bread by going out as servants. Some of them, a very small number, had continued to do so. Little by little, in this matter also all had been changed. Under color of serving, the friars entered the families of the highest personages of the pontifical court, and became their confidential attendants; instead of submitting themselves to all, as the Rule of 1221 ordained, they were above everyone.
Entirely losing sight of the apostolic life, they became courtiers of a special type; their character, half ecclesiastic and half lay, rendered them capable of carrying out a number of delicate missions and of playing a part in the varied intrigues for which the greater number of Roman prelates have always seemed to live.[25] By way of protest Francis had only one weapon, his example.
One day, the Speculum relates, the Blessed Francis came to Rome to see the Bishop of Ostia (Ugolini), and after having remained some time at his house, he went also to visit Cardinal Leo, who had a great devotion for him.
It was winter; the cold, the wind, the rain made any journey impossible, so the cardinal begged him to pa.s.s a few days in his house and to take his food there, like the other poor folk who came there to eat. ... ”I will give you,” he added, ”a good lodging, quite retired, where if you like you may pray and eat.”
Then Brother Angelo, one of the twelve first disciples, who lived with the cardinal, said to Francis: ”There is, close by here, a great tower standing by itself and very quiet; you will be there as in a hermitage.” Francis went to see it and it pleased him. Then, returning to the cardinal, ”Monsignor,” he said, ”it is possible that I may pa.s.s a few days with you.” The latter was very joyful, and Brother Angelo went to prepare the tower for the Blessed Francis and his companion.
But the very first night, when he would have slept, the demons came and smote him. Calling then to his companion, ”Brother,” he said, ”the demons have come and smitten me with violence; remain near me, I beg, for I am afraid here alone.”
He was trembling in all his members, like one who has a fever.
They pa.s.sed the night both without sleeping. ”The demons are commissioned with the chastis.e.m.e.nts of G.o.d,” said Francis; ”as a podesta sends his executioner to punish the criminal, so G.o.d sends demons, who in this are his ministers.... Why has he sent them to me? Perhaps this is the reason: The cardinal desired to be kind to me, and I have truly great need of repose, but the Brothers who are out in the world, suffering hunger and a thousand tribulations, and also those others who are in hermitages or in miserable houses, when they hear of my sojourn with a cardinal will be moved to repine. 'We endure all privations,' they will say, 'while he has all that he can desire; 'but I ought to give them a good example--that is my true mission.” ...
Early next morning, therefore he quitted the tower, and having told the cardinal all, took leave of him and returned to the hermitage of Monte Colombo, near Rieti. ”They think me a holy man,” he said, ”and see, it needed demons to cast me out of prison.”[26]