Part 44 (1/2)

[9] Concerning the nature and causes of this antagonism see Goldziher, _op. cit._, Part I, p. 78 sqq.

[10] The word 'Arabic' is always to be understood in this sense wherever it occurs in the following pages.

[11] First published by Sachau in _Monatsberichte der Kon. Preuss. Akad.

der Wissenschaften zu Berlin_ (February, 1881), p. 169 sqq.

[12] See De Vogue, _Syrie Centrale, Inscriptions Semitiques_, p. 117.

Other references are given in _Z.D.M.G._, vol. 35, p. 749.

[13] On this subject the reader may consult Goldziher. _Muhammedanische Studien_, Part I, p. 110 sqq.

[14] Professor Margoliouth in _F.R.A.S._ for 1905, p. 418

[15] Noldeke, _Die Semitischen Sprachen_, p. 36 sqq. and p. 51.

[16] _Journal Asiatique_ (March, 1835), p. 209 sqq.

[17] Strictly speaking, the _Jahiliyya_ includes the whole time between Adam and Mu?ammad, but in a narrower sense it may be used, as here, to denote the Pre-islamic period of Arabic Literature.

[18] _Die Namen der Saugethiere bei den Sudsemitischen Volkern_, p. 343 seq.

[19] _Iramu Dhatu 'l-'Imad_ (Koran, lx.x.xix, 6). The sense of these words is much disputed. See especially ?abari's explanation in his great commentary on the Koran (O. Loth in _Z.D.M.G._, vol. 35, p. 626 sqq.).

[20] I have abridged ?abari, _Annals_, i, 231 sqq. _Cf._ also chapters vii, xi, xxvi, and xlvi of the Koran.

[21] Koran, xi, 56-57.

[22] See Doughty's _Doc.u.ments Epigraphiques recueillis dans le nord de l'Arabie_, p. 12 sqq.

[23] Koran, vii, 76.

[24] Properly Saba' with _hamza_, both syllables being short.

[25] The oldest record of Saba to which a date can be a.s.signed is found in the a.s.syrian cuneiform inscriptions. We read in the Annals of King Sargon (715 B.C.), ”I received the tribute of Pharaoh, the King of Egypt, of Shamsiyya, the Queen of Arabia, of Ithamara the Sabaean--gold, spices, slaves, horses, and camels.” Ithamara is identical with Yatha'amar, a name borne by several kings of Saba.

[26] A. Muller, _Der Islam im Morgen und Abendland_, vol. i, p. 24 seq.

[27] Noldeke, however, declares the traditions which represent Kulayb as leading the Rabi'a clans to battle against the combined strength of Yemen to be entirely unhistorical (_Funf Mo'allaqat_, i, 44).

[28] _Op. cit._, p. 94 seq. An excellent account of the progress made in discovering and deciphering the South Arabic inscriptions down to the year 1841 is given by Rodiger, _Excurs ueber himjaritische Inschriften_, in his German translation of Wellsted's _Travels in Arabia_, vol. ii, p.

368 sqq.

[29] Seetzen's inscriptions were published in _Fundgruben des Orients_, vol. ii (Vienna, 1811), p. 282 sqq. The one mentioned above was afterwards deciphered and explained by Mordtmann in the _Z.D.M.G._, vol.

31, p. 89 seq.

[30] The oldest inscriptions, however, run from left to right and from right to left alternately (??st????d??).

[31] _Notiz ueber die himjaritische Schrift nebst doppeltem Alphabet derselben_ in _Zeitschrift fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes_, vol. i (Gottingen, 1837), p. 332 sqq.

[32] See Arnaud's _Relation d'un voyage a Mareb (Saba) dans l'Arabie meridionale_ in the _Journal Asiatique_, 4th series, vol. v (1845), p.